add small boot management

crates/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@ pub mod peripherals;
 pub mod vm;
 mod model;
 mod native_interface;
+mod utilz;
 
 pub use machine::Machine;

crates/core/src/model/cartridge.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-use crate::vm::Value;
+use crate::vm::Program;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Cartridge {
-    pub rom: Vec<u8>,
+    pub program: Program,
-    pub constant_pool: Vec<Value>,
 }
 
 impl Cartridge {
-    pub fn new(rom: Vec<u8>, constant_pool: Vec<Value>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(program: Program) -> Self {
-        Self { rom, constant_pool }
+        Self { program }
     }
 }

crates/core/src/native_interface.rs

@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@ impl NativeInterface for Machine {
             // system.run_cart()
             0x0002 => {
                 if let Some(cart) = self.cartridge.as_ref() {
-                    vm.rom = cart.rom.clone();
+                    vm.program = cart.program.clone();
-                    vm.constant_pool = cart.constant_pool.clone();
                     vm.pc = 0;
                     vm.operand_stack.clear();
                     vm.call_stack.clear();
+                    vm.globals.clear();
+                    vm.heap.clear();
                     vm.halted = false;
                 } else {
                     return Err("No cartridge inserted".into());

crates/core/src/utilz.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use crate::vm::OpCode;
+
+pub fn emit_u16(rom: &mut Vec<u8>, val: u16) {
+    rom.extend_from_slice(&val.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+pub fn emit_u32(rom: &mut Vec<u8>, val: u32) {
+    rom.extend_from_slice(&val.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+pub fn emit_op(rom: &mut Vec<u8>, op: OpCode) {
+    emit_u16(rom, op as u16);
+}
+
+pub fn patch_u32(rom: &mut [u8], offset: usize, val: u32) {
+    let bytes = val.to_le_bytes();
+    rom[offset..offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
+}

crates/core/src/vm/mod.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ mod virtual_machine;
 mod value;
 mod opcode;
 mod call_frame;
+mod program;
 
 pub use value::Value;
 pub use virtual_machine::VirtualMachine;
+pub use opcode::OpCode;
+pub use program::Program;

crates/core/src/vm/program.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use crate::vm::Value;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Program {
+    pub rom: Arc<[u8]>,
+    pub constant_pool: Arc<[Value]>,
+}
+
+impl Program {
+    pub fn new(rom: Vec<u8>, constant_pool: Vec<Value>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rom: Arc::from(rom),
+            constant_pool: Arc::from(constant_pool),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/core/src/vm/virtual_machine.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 use crate::native_interface::NativeInterface;
+use crate::utilz;
 use crate::vm::call_frame::CallFrame;
 use crate::vm::opcode::OpCode;
 use crate::vm::value::Value;
 
 
+use crate::vm::Program;
+
 pub struct VirtualMachine {
     pub pc: usize,
     pub operand_stack: Vec<Value>,
     pub call_stack: Vec<CallFrame>,
     pub globals: Vec<Value>,
-    pub constant_pool: Vec<Value>,
+    pub program: Program,
-    pub rom: Vec<u8>,
     pub heap: Vec<Value>, // Simplificado para demo, futuramente RAM/Heap real
     pub cycles: u64,
     pub halted: bool,
@@ -23,8 +25,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             operand_stack: Vec::new(),
             call_stack: Vec::new(),
             globals: Vec::new(),
-            constant_pool,
+            program: Program::new(rom, constant_pool),
-            rom,
             heap: Vec::new(),
             cycles: 0,
             halted: false,
@@ -37,95 +38,231 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         let mut constant_pool = Vec::new();
 
-        // Constantes do Boot ROM
+        // Constant Pool
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(140)); // 0: x
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(160)); // 0: Center X
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(70));  // 1: y
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(90));  // 1: Center Y
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(40));  // 2: largura
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(40));  // 2: Logo Size
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(40));  // 3: altura
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(7));   // 3: Indigo (Logo)
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(7));   // 4: cor rect (indigo)
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 4: Black (Background)
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 5: sample_id (square)
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(180)); // 5: Splash Timeout (3s)
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 6: voice_id
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(2));   // 6: Divisor
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(255)); // 7: volume
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(1));   // 7: 1
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(127)); // 8: pan (center)
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(10));  // 8: Start Button
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Float(1.0));   // 9: pitch
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 9: Square Sample
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 10: bg color (black)
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(255)); // 10: Volume
-        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(10));  // 11: button START
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(127)); // 11: Pan
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Float(1.0));   // 12: Pitch
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 13: Voice ID
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(0));   // 14: Zero
+        constant_pool.push(Value::Integer(6));   // 15: Cyan (SO Logo)
 
-        // -- PROGRAMA --
+        // -- INICIALIZAÇÃO --
         
-        // 1. Toca o som de boot "plim" (uma vez)
+        // G0 = 0 (Contador de frames)
-        // Push arguments for audio.play_sample(sample_id, voice_id, volume, pan, pitch)
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 14); 
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&5u32.to_le_bytes()); // sample_id
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetGlobal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&6u32.to_le_bytes()); // voice_id
+
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        // G1 = 0 (Estado BIOS: 0=Splash, 1=SO)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&7u32.to_le_bytes()); // volume
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 14); 
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&8u32.to_le_bytes()); // pan
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetGlobal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&9u32.to_le_bytes()); // pitch
+
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        // Toca o som de boot "plim"
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x3001u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 9); // sample
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 13); // voice
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 10); // vol
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 11); // pan
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 12); // pitch
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x3001);
+
+        // Escopo local para cálculos temporários [0:f, 1:s, 2:x, 3:y]
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushScope);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 4);
 
         let loop_start = rom.len() as u32;
 
-        // 2. Verifica Cartucho e Input para Boot
+        // Limpa tela
-        // system.has_cart?
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 4); // black
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x0001u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
-        
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x1001);
-        let jmp_no_cart_idx = rom.len();
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::JmpIfFalse as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // placeholder
-        
-        // Se tem cartucho, checa START
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&11u32.to_le_bytes()); // START button ID
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x2001u32.to_le_bytes()); // input.get_pad
-        
-        let jmp_no_start_idx = rom.len();
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::JmpIfFalse as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // placeholder
-        
-        // Se tem cartucho E START, run_cart!
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x0002u32.to_le_bytes()); // system.run_cart
-        
-        // Destino para quando não tem cartucho ou não apertou START
-        let skip_cart_addr = rom.len() as u32;
-        // Patch placeholders
-        let skip_bytes = skip_cart_addr.to_le_bytes();
-        rom[jmp_no_cart_idx+2..jmp_no_cart_idx+6].copy_from_slice(&skip_bytes);
-        rom[jmp_no_start_idx+2..jmp_no_start_idx+6].copy_from_slice(&skip_bytes);
 
-        // 3. Limpa a tela
+        // --- MÁQUINA DE ESTADOS (G1) ---
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetGlobal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&10u32.to_le_bytes()); // bg color
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // G1
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x1001u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 14); // 0
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Eq);
+        let jmp_to_so = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::JmpIfFalse);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
 
-        // 4. Desenha o quadrado no centro
+        // === ESTADO 0: SPLASH ===
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // x
+        // 1. Cálculos da Animação
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetGlobal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // y
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetLocal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes()); // w
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // L0 = f
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&3u32.to_le_bytes()); // h
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_le_bytes()); // color
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x1002u32.to_le_bytes());
 
-        // 4. Sincroniza frame
+        // S = if f < 40 { f } else { 40 }
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::FrameSync as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // f
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2); // 40
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Lt);
+        let jmp_s_full = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::JmpIfFalse);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
 
-        // 5. Loop infinito
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Jmp as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // f
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&loop_start.to_le_bytes());
+        let jmp_s_set = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Jmp);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+
+        let s_full_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2); // 40
+
+        let s_set_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_s_full + 2, s_full_addr);
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_s_set + 2, s_set_addr);
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetLocal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // L1 = S
+
+        // X = 160 - S/2, Y = 90 - S/2
+        for (local_idx, const_idx) in [(2, 0), (3, 1)] {
+            utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+            utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, const_idx);
+            utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
+            utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // S
+            utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+            utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 6); // 2
+            utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Div);
+            utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Sub);
+            utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetLocal);
+            utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, local_idx);
+        }
+
+        // Desenha Quadrado (Logo)
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2); // X
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 3); // Y
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // W
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // H
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 3); // Indigo
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x1002);
+
+        // Checagem de Saída do Splash (f >= 180 OR START)
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetGlobal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // f
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 5); // 180
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Gt); // f > 180 (ou eq, mas gt é mais seguro)
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 8); // Start
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x2001); // get_pad
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Or);
+        let jmp_splash_continue = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::JmpIfFalse);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+
+        // Validação de Cartucho
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x0001); // has_cart?
+        let jmp_no_cart_init = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::JmpIfFalse);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x0002); // run_cart
+
+        // Senão tem cartucho: vai para o SO
+        let no_cart_init_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 7); // 1
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetGlobal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // G1 = 1 (SO)
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 14); // 0
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetGlobal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // f = 0 (reset counter for SO)
+
+        let splash_continue_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_splash_continue + 2, splash_continue_addr);
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_no_cart_init + 2, no_cart_init_addr);
+
+        let jmp_end_state = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Jmp);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+
+        // === ESTADO 1: SO ===
+        let so_state_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_to_so + 2, so_state_addr);
+
+        // Desenha "SO" (Quadrado Ciano)
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // 160
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // 90
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2); // 40
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2); // 40
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 15); // Cyan
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x1002);
+
+        // Monitora Inserção de Cartucho (Hot-plug) + START
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x0001); // has_cart?
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 8); // Start
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x2001); // get_pad
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::And); // has_cart AND START
+        let jmp_so_continue = rom.len();
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::JmpIfFalse);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x0002); // run_cart
+
+        let so_continue_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_so_continue + 2, so_continue_addr);
+
+        // Incrementa G0 (f)
+        let end_state_addr = rom.len() as u32;
+        utilz::patch_u32(&mut rom, jmp_end_state + 2, end_state_addr);
+
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetGlobal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 7); // 1
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Add);
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetGlobal);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
+
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::FrameSync);
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Jmp);
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, loop_start);
 
         Self::new(rom, constant_pool)
     }
@@ -142,7 +279,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         let start_cycles = self.cycles;
         let mut budget_used = 0;
 
-        while budget_used < budget && !self.halted && self.pc < self.rom.len() {
+        while budget_used < budget && !self.halted && self.pc < self.program.rom.len() {
             let pc_before = self.pc;
             let cycles_before = self.cycles;
             let opcode_val = self.peek_u16()?;
@@ -168,18 +305,18 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     fn peek_u16(&self) -> Result<u16, String> {
-        if self.pc + 2 > self.rom.len() {
+        if self.pc + 2 > self.program.rom.len() {
             return Err("Unexpected end of ROM".into());
         }
         let bytes = [
-            self.rom[self.pc],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc],
-            self.rom[self.pc + 1],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc + 1],
         ];
         Ok(u16::from_le_bytes(bytes))
     }
 
     pub fn step(&mut self, native: &mut dyn NativeInterface) -> Result<(), String> {
-        if self.halted || self.pc >= self.rom.len() {
+        if self.halted || self.pc >= self.program.rom.len() {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
@@ -204,7 +341,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             }
             OpCode::PushConst => {
                 let idx = self.read_u32()? as usize;
-                let val = self.constant_pool.get(idx).cloned().ok_or("Invalid constant index")?;
+                let val = self.program.constant_pool.get(idx).cloned().ok_or("Invalid constant index")?;
                 self.push(val);
             }
             OpCode::Pop => {
@@ -405,26 +542,26 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     fn read_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, String> {
-        if self.pc + 4 > self.rom.len() {
+        if self.pc + 4 > self.program.rom.len() {
             return Err("Unexpected end of ROM".into());
         }
         let bytes = [
-            self.rom[self.pc],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc],
-            self.rom[self.pc + 1],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc + 1],
-            self.rom[self.pc + 2],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc + 2],
-            self.rom[self.pc + 3],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc + 3],
         ];
         self.pc += 4;
         Ok(u32::from_le_bytes(bytes))
     }
 
     fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, String> {
-        if self.pc + 2 > self.rom.len() {
+        if self.pc + 2 > self.program.rom.len() {
             return Err("Unexpected end of ROM".into());
         }
         let bytes = [
-            self.rom[self.pc],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc],
-            self.rom[self.pc + 1],
+            self.program.rom[self.pc + 1],
         ];
         self.pc += 2;
         Ok(u16::from_le_bytes(bytes))
@@ -477,12 +614,12 @@ mod tests {
         let mut native = NoopNative;
 
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // Const index 0
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // Const index 0
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // Const index 1
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1); // Const index 1
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Add as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Add);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
 
         let constant_pool = vec![Value::Integer(10), Value::Integer(20)];
         let mut vm = VirtualMachine::new(rom, constant_pool);
@@ -504,39 +641,39 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         // Index 0: PUSH 0 (counter)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
         
         // Index 6: DUP
         let loop_start = rom.len();
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Dup as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Dup);
         
         // PUSH 10
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1);
         
         // LT (counter < 10)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Lt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Lt);
         
         // JMP_IF_FALSE to end
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::JmpIfFalse as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::JmpIfFalse);
         let jmp_placeholder = rom.len();
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
         
         // PUSH 1
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2);
         
         // ADD (increment counter)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Add as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Add);
         
         // JMP to start
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Jmp as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Jmp);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(loop_start as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, loop_start as u32);
         
         // End
         let loop_end = rom.len();
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
         
         // Patch JMP_IF_FALSE addr
         let end_addr_bytes = (loop_end as u32).to_le_bytes();
@@ -571,12 +708,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         // PUSH 5 (color index)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
         // CALL_NATIVE 0x1001
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x1001u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x1001);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
 
         let constant_pool = vec![Value::Integer(5)];
         let mut vm = VirtualMachine::new(rom, constant_pool);
@@ -597,9 +734,9 @@ mod tests {
         // 1. Verifica que não tem cartucho inicialmente
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         // CALL_NATIVE 0x0001 (has_cart)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Syscall);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0x0001u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0x0001);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
         
         machine.vm = VirtualMachine::new(rom, vec![]);
         let mut vm = std::mem::take(&mut machine.vm);
@@ -611,19 +748,19 @@ mod tests {
         // 2. Adiciona um cartucho e roda
         let mut cart_rom = Vec::new();
         // PUSH_CONST 0
-        cart_rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut cart_rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        cart_rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut cart_rom, 0);
-        cart_rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut cart_rom, OpCode::Halt);
         let cart_pool = vec![Value::Integer(42)];
         
-        let cart = Cartridge::new(cart_rom, cart_pool);
+        let cart = Cartridge::new(Program::new(cart_rom, cart_pool));
         machine.load_cartridge(cart);
         
         // Código para rodar o cartucho
         let mut boot_rom = Vec::new();
         // CALL_NATIVE 0x0002 (run_cart)
-        boot_rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Syscall as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut boot_rom, OpCode::Syscall);
-        boot_rom.extend_from_slice(&0x0002u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut boot_rom, 0x0002);
         
         machine.vm = VirtualMachine::new(boot_rom, vec![]);
         let mut vm = std::mem::take(&mut machine.vm);
@@ -645,13 +782,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         // PUSH 10, PUSH 20, SWAP, POP
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 1);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Swap as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Swap);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Pop as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Pop);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
 
         let constant_pool = vec![Value::Integer(10), Value::Integer(20)];
         let mut vm = VirtualMachine::new(rom, constant_pool);
@@ -671,13 +808,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         // PUSH true, NOT (-> false), PUSH true, OR (-> true)
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // true
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // true
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Not as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Not);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // true
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // true
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Or as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Or);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
 
         let constant_pool = vec![Value::Boolean(true)];
         let mut vm = VirtualMachine::new(rom, constant_pool);
@@ -696,16 +833,16 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut rom = Vec::new();
         // PUSH_SCOPE 2 (reserves 2 nulls), PUSH 42, SET_LOCAL 0, GET_LOCAL 0, POP_SCOPE
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushScope as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushScope);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 2);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PushConst as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PushConst);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // 42
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0); // 42
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::SetLocal as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::SetLocal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::GetLocal as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::GetLocal);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_u32(&mut rom, 0);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::PopScope as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::PopScope);
-        rom.extend_from_slice(&(OpCode::Halt as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        utilz::emit_op(&mut rom, OpCode::Halt);
 
         let constant_pool = vec![Value::Integer(42)];
         let mut vm = VirtualMachine::new(rom, constant_pool);

docs/specs/topics/chapter-2.md

@@ -373,18 +373,31 @@ Efeito prático:
 
 A **PROMETEU VM** nunca inicia em um estado totalmente "vazio" ou inativo. 
 
-### 13.1 O Boot ROM
+### 13.1 O Boot ROM (BIOS)
-Se a máquina for inicializada sem um cartucho específico carregado, a VM executa um **Boot ROM padrão**. Este é um pequeno programa em bytecode embutido no core que:
+Se a máquina for inicializada sem um cartucho específico carregado, a VM executa um **Boot ROM padrão**. Este é um pequeno programa em bytecode embutido no core que gerencia o ciclo de vida inicial da máquina através de uma máquina de estados:
-* Emite um som de "plim" ao iniciar.
-* Realiza um ciclo básico de limpeza de tela (preto).
-* Exibe um quadrado centralizado (índigo).
-* Serve como indicador visual e auditivo de que o hardware lógico está operacional.
 
-### 13.2 Ciclo de Boot
+#### Fase 1: BOOT (Splash & Som)
-1. O Core é inicializado via `Machine::new()`.
+1. **Som de Inicialização**: Emite um som de "plim" (`0x3001`) imediatamente ao ligar (frame 0).
-2. A VM é carregada com o Boot ROM via `VirtualMachine::default()`.
+2. **Splash Animation**: Exibe o logotipo (quadrado Índigo) crescendo suavemente (0-40 frames).
-3. O PC (Program Counter) é definido como `0`.
+3. **Splash Estático**: O logotipo permanece na tela até o frame 180 (~3 segundos).
-4. A execução começa imediatamente no primeiro `step_frame`.
+4. **Interrupção**: O usuário pode pular o Splash a qualquer momento pressionando **START**.
+
+#### Fase 2: C_VALIDATION (Validação)
+Ao fim do Splash ou interrupção, a BIOS verifica a presença de um cartucho:
+- **Com Cartucho**: Chama `system.run_cart` (`0x0002`) para transferir o controle.
+- **Sem Cartucho**: Transita para o **Estado de SO**.
+
+#### Fase 3: RUN (Sistema Operacional / Fallback)
+Se nenhum cartucho for detectado, a máquina entra em modo "SO":
+1. **Interface**: Exibe um quadrado **Ciano** no centro da tela.
+2. **Hot-plug**: Monitora em tempo real a inserção de cartuchos. Se um cartucho for inserido e o botão **START** for pressionado, o cartucho é iniciado.
+
+### 13.2 Ciclo de Memória
+A instrução `system.run_cart` garante um ambiente limpo para o novo programa:
+1. Reseta o **PC** para 0.
+2. Limpa as pilhas (**Operand Stack** e **Call Stack**).
+3. Limpa a memória (**Globals** e **Heap**).
+4. Carrega a nova **ROM** e **Constant Pool** do cartucho.
 
 ---