diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ada203b3..e3fbe577 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1475,6 +1475,8 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "prometeu-bytecode",
+ "prometeu-hal",
+ "serde_json",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/Cargo.toml b/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/Cargo.toml
index b2ce9839..31da4f74 100644
--- a/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,4 +5,6 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 prometeu-bytecode = { path = "../../console/prometeu-bytecode" }
+prometeu-hal = { path = "../../console/prometeu-hal" }
 anyhow = "1"
+serde_json = "1"
diff --git a/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/src/lib.rs b/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/src/lib.rs
index d8137e23..2600c12d 100644
--- a/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,25 @@ use prometeu_bytecode::assembler::assemble;
 use prometeu_bytecode::model::{
     BytecodeModule, ConstantPoolEntry, DebugInfo, Export, FunctionMeta, SyscallDecl,
 };
+use prometeu_hal::asset::{
+    AssetCodec, AssetEntry, BankType, PreloadEntry, SCENE_DECODED_LAYER_OVERHEAD_BYTES_V1,
+    SCENE_LAYER_COUNT_V1, SCENE_PAYLOAD_MAGIC_V1, SCENE_PAYLOAD_VERSION_V1,
+};
+use prometeu_hal::cartridge::{
+    AssetsPackHeader, AssetsPackPrelude, ASSETS_PA_MAGIC, ASSETS_PA_PRELUDE_SIZE,
+    ASSETS_PA_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+};
+use prometeu_hal::color::Color;
+use prometeu_hal::glyph::Glyph;
+use prometeu_hal::glyph_bank::{
+    TileSize, GLYPH_BANK_COLORS_PER_PALETTE, GLYPH_BANK_PALETTE_COUNT_V1,
+};
+use prometeu_hal::scene_bank::SceneBank;
+use prometeu_hal::scene_layer::{ParallaxFactor, SceneLayer};
+use prometeu_hal::tile::Tile;
+use prometeu_hal::tilemap::TileMap;
 use std::fs;
+use std::mem::size_of;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 fn asm(s: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -20,13 +38,6 @@ pub fn generate() -> Result<()> {
             arg_slots: 1,
             ret_slots: 0,
         },
-        SyscallDecl {
-            module: "gfx".into(),
-            name: "draw_disc".into(),
-            version: 1,
-            arg_slots: 5,
-            ret_slots: 0,
-        },
         SyscallDecl {
             module: "gfx".into(),
             name: "draw_text".into(),
@@ -41,6 +52,20 @@ pub fn generate() -> Result<()> {
             arg_slots: 2,
             ret_slots: 0,
         },
+        SyscallDecl {
+            module: "composer".into(),
+            name: "bind_scene".into(),
+            version: 1,
+            arg_slots: 1,
+            ret_slots: 1,
+        },
+        SyscallDecl {
+            module: "composer".into(),
+            name: "set_camera".into(),
+            version: 1,
+            arg_slots: 2,
+            ret_slots: 0,
+        },
         SyscallDecl {
             module: "composer".into(),
             name: "emit_sprite".into(),
@@ -59,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn generate() -> Result<()> {
         param_slots: 0,
         local_slots: 2,
         return_slots: 0,
-        max_stack_slots: 16,
+        max_stack_slots: 32,
     }];
 
     let module = BytecodeModule {
@@ -67,7 +92,6 @@ pub fn generate() -> Result<()> {
         const_pool: vec![
             ConstantPoolEntry::String("stress".into()),
             ConstantPoolEntry::String("frame".into()),
-            ConstantPoolEntry::String("missing_glyph_bank".into()),
         ],
         functions,
         code: rom,
@@ -89,129 +113,326 @@ pub fn generate() -> Result<()> {
     out_dir.push("stress-console");
     fs::create_dir_all(&out_dir)?;
     fs::write(out_dir.join("program.pbx"), bytes)?;
-    let assets_pa_path = out_dir.join("assets.pa");
-    if assets_pa_path.exists() {
-        fs::remove_file(&assets_pa_path)?;
-    }
-    fs::write(out_dir.join("manifest.json"), b"{\n  \"magic\": \"PMTU\",\n  \"cartridge_version\": 1,\n  \"app_id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"Stress Console\",\n  \"app_version\": \"0.1.0\",\n  \"app_mode\": \"Game\",\n  \"capabilities\": [\"gfx\", \"log\"]\n}\n")?;
+    fs::write(out_dir.join("assets.pa"), build_assets_pack()?)?;
+    fs::write(out_dir.join("manifest.json"), b"{\n  \"magic\": \"PMTU\",\n  \"cartridge_version\": 1,\n  \"app_id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"Stress Console\",\n  \"app_version\": \"0.1.0\",\n  \"app_mode\": \"Game\",\n  \"capabilities\": [\"gfx\", \"log\", \"asset\"]\n}\n")?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[allow(dead_code)]
 fn heavy_load(rom: &mut Vec<u8>) {
     // Single function 0: main
-    // Everything runs here — no coroutines, no SPAWN, no YIELD.
-    //
-    // Global 0 = t (frame counter)
-    // Local 0 = scratch
-    // Local 1 = loop counter for discs
-    //
-    // Loop:
-    //   t = (t + 1)
-    //   clear screen
-    //   draw 500 discs using t for animation
-    //   draw 20 texts using t for animation
-    //   RET (runtime handles the frame loop)
+    // Global 0 = frame counter
+    // Global 1 = scene bound flag
+    // Local 0 = sprite row
+    // Local 1 = sprite col
 
-    // --- init locals ---
-    // local 0: scratch
-    // local 1: loop counter for discs
-    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 0\nSET_LOCAL 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nSET_LOCAL 1"));
-
-    // --- t = (t + 1) ---
-    // t is global 0 to persist across prepare_call resets
     rom.extend(asm("GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 1\nADD\nSET_GLOBAL 0"));
 
-    // --- clear screen ---
+    rom.extend(asm("GET_GLOBAL 1\nPUSH_I32 0\nEQ"));
+    let jif_bind_done_offset = rom.len() + 2;
+    rom.extend(asm("JMP_IF_FALSE 0"));
+
+    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 0\nHOSTCALL 3\nPOP_N 1\nPUSH_I32 1\nSET_GLOBAL 1"));
+    let bind_done_target = rom.len() as u32;
+
     rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 0\nHOSTCALL 0"));
-    // --- call composer-domain sprite emission path once per frame and drop status ---
+
     rom.extend(asm(
-        "PUSH_I32 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nPUSH_BOOL 0\nPUSH_BOOL 0\nPUSH_I32 0\nHOSTCALL 4\nPOP_N 1",
+        "GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 2\nMUL\nPUSH_I32 192\nMOD\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 76\nMOD\nHOSTCALL 4",
     ));
 
-    // --- draw 500 discs ---
-    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 0\nSET_LOCAL 1"));
-    let disc_loop_start = rom.len() as u32;
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 500\nLT"));
-    let jif_disc_end_offset = rom.len() + 2;
+    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 0\nSET_LOCAL 0"));
+    let row_loop_start = rom.len() as u32;
+    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 0\nPUSH_I32 16\nLT"));
+    let jif_row_end_offset = rom.len() + 2;
     rom.extend(asm("JMP_IF_FALSE 0"));
 
-    // x = (t * (i+7) + i * 13) % 320
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_GLOBAL 0\nGET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 7\nADD\nMUL\nGET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 13\nMUL\nADD\nPUSH_I32 320\nMOD"));
-    // y = (t * (i+11) + i * 17) % 180
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_GLOBAL 0\nGET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 11\nADD\nMUL\nGET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 17\nMUL\nADD\nPUSH_I32 180\nMOD"));
-    // r = ( (i*13) % 20 ) + 5
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 13\nMUL\nPUSH_I32 20\nMOD\nPUSH_I32 5\nADD"));
-    // border color = (i * 1234) & 0xFFFF
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 1234\nMUL\nPUSH_I32 65535\nBIT_AND"));
-    // fill color = (i * 5678 + t) & 0xFFFF
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 5678\nMUL\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nADD\nPUSH_I32 65535\nBIT_AND"));
-    // HOSTCALL gfx.draw_disc (x, y, r, border, fill)
-    rom.extend(asm("HOSTCALL 1"));
-
-    // i++
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 1\nADD\nSET_LOCAL 1"));
-    let jmp_disc_loop_offset = rom.len() + 2;
-    rom.extend(asm("JMP 0"));
-    let disc_loop_end = rom.len() as u32;
-
-    // --- draw 20 texts ---
     rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 0\nSET_LOCAL 1"));
-    let text_loop_start = rom.len() as u32;
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 20\nLT"));
-    let jif_text_end_offset = rom.len() + 2;
+    let col_loop_start = rom.len() as u32;
+    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 32\nLT"));
+    let jif_col_end_offset = rom.len() + 2;
     rom.extend(asm("JMP_IF_FALSE 0"));
 
-    // x = (t * 3 + i * 40) % 320
     rom.extend(asm(
-        "GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 3\nMUL\nGET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 40\nMUL\nADD\nPUSH_I32 320\nMOD",
+        "PUSH_I32 0\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 0\nPUSH_I32 32\nMUL\nGET_LOCAL 1\nADD\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nADD\nPUSH_I32 15\nMOD\nPUSH_I32 1\nADD\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 10\nMUL\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 10\nMOD\nADD\nPUSH_I32 320\nMOD\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 0\nPUSH_I32 10\nMUL\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 2\nMUL\nPUSH_I32 10\nMOD\nADD\nPUSH_I32 180\nMOD\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 0\nGET_LOCAL 1\nADD\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nADD\nPUSH_I32 4\nMOD\n\
+         PUSH_I32 0\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 1\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nADD\nPUSH_I32 1\nBIT_AND\nPUSH_I32 0\nNEQ\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 0\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nADD\nPUSH_I32 1\nBIT_AND\nPUSH_I32 0\nNEQ\n\
+         GET_LOCAL 0\nGET_LOCAL 1\nADD\nPUSH_I32 4\nMOD\n\
+         HOSTCALL 5\nPOP_N 1",
     ));
-    // y = (i * 30 + t) % 180
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 30\nMUL\nGET_GLOBAL 0\nADD\nPUSH_I32 180\nMOD"));
-    // string (toggle between "stress" and "frame")
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 1\nBIT_AND\nPUSH_I32 0\nNEQ"));
-    let jif_text_alt_offset = rom.len() + 2;
-    rom.extend(asm("JMP_IF_FALSE 0"));
-    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_CONST 0")); // "stress"
-    let jmp_text_join_offset = rom.len() + 2;
-    rom.extend(asm("JMP 0"));
-    let text_alt_target = rom.len() as u32;
-    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_CONST 1")); // "frame"
-    let text_join_target = rom.len() as u32;
 
-    // color = (t * 10 + i * 1000) & 0xFFFF
-    rom.extend(asm("GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 10\nMUL\nGET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 1000\nMUL\nADD\nPUSH_I32 65535\nBIT_AND"));
-    // HOSTCALL gfx.draw_text (x, y, str, color)
-    rom.extend(asm("HOSTCALL 2"));
-
-    // i++
     rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 1\nPUSH_I32 1\nADD\nSET_LOCAL 1"));
-    let jmp_text_loop_offset = rom.len() + 2;
+    let jmp_col_loop_offset = rom.len() + 2;
     rom.extend(asm("JMP 0"));
-    let text_loop_end = rom.len() as u32;
+    let col_loop_end = rom.len() as u32;
+
+    rom.extend(asm("GET_LOCAL 0\nPUSH_I32 1\nADD\nSET_LOCAL 0"));
+    let jmp_row_loop_offset = rom.len() + 2;
+    rom.extend(asm("JMP 0"));
+    let row_loop_end = rom.len() as u32;
+
+    rom.extend(asm(
+        "PUSH_I32 8\n\
+         PUSH_I32 8\n\
+         PUSH_CONST 0\n\
+         GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 2047\nMUL\nPUSH_I32 65535\nBIT_AND\n\
+         HOSTCALL 1",
+    ));
+    rom.extend(asm(
+        "PUSH_I32 8\n\
+         PUSH_I32 20\n\
+         PUSH_CONST 1\n\
+         GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 4093\nMUL\nPUSH_I32 65535\nBIT_AND\n\
+         HOSTCALL 1",
+    ));
 
-    // --- log every 60 frames ---
     rom.extend(asm("GET_GLOBAL 0\nPUSH_I32 60\nMOD\nPUSH_I32 0\nEQ"));
     let jif_log_offset = rom.len() + 2;
     rom.extend(asm("JMP_IF_FALSE 0"));
-    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 2\nPUSH_CONST 0\nHOSTCALL 3"));
+    rom.extend(asm("PUSH_I32 2\nPUSH_CONST 0\nHOSTCALL 2"));
     let after_log = rom.len() as u32;
 
-    // --- end of function ---
     rom.extend(asm("FRAME_SYNC\nRET"));
 
-    // --- Patch jump targets ---
     let patch = |buf: &mut Vec<u8>, imm_offset: usize, target: u32| {
         buf[imm_offset..imm_offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&target.to_le_bytes());
     };
 
-    patch(rom, jif_disc_end_offset, disc_loop_end);
-    patch(rom, jmp_disc_loop_offset, disc_loop_start);
-
-    patch(rom, jif_text_end_offset, text_loop_end);
-    patch(rom, jif_text_alt_offset, text_alt_target);
-    patch(rom, jmp_text_join_offset, text_join_target);
-    patch(rom, jmp_text_loop_offset, text_loop_start);
-
+    patch(rom, jif_bind_done_offset, bind_done_target);
+    patch(rom, jif_row_end_offset, row_loop_end);
+    patch(rom, jif_col_end_offset, col_loop_end);
+    patch(rom, jmp_col_loop_offset, col_loop_start);
+    patch(rom, jmp_row_loop_offset, row_loop_start);
     patch(rom, jif_log_offset, after_log);
 }
+
+fn build_assets_pack() -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let (glyph_entry, glyph_payload) = build_glyph_asset();
+    let scene = build_scene_bank();
+    let scene_payload = encode_scene_payload(&scene);
+    let scene_entry = AssetEntry {
+        asset_id: 1,
+        asset_name: "stress_scene".into(),
+        bank_type: BankType::SCENE,
+        offset: glyph_payload.len() as u64,
+        size: scene_payload.len() as u64,
+        decoded_size: expected_scene_decoded_size(&scene) as u64,
+        codec: AssetCodec::None,
+        metadata: serde_json::json!({}),
+    };
+
+    let asset_table = vec![glyph_entry, scene_entry];
+    let preload =
+        vec![PreloadEntry { asset_id: 0, slot: 0 }, PreloadEntry { asset_id: 1, slot: 0 }];
+    let payload_len = glyph_payload.len() + scene_payload.len();
+    let header = serde_json::to_vec(&AssetsPackHeader { asset_table, preload })?;
+    let payload_offset = (ASSETS_PA_PRELUDE_SIZE + header.len()) as u64;
+    let prelude = AssetsPackPrelude {
+        magic: ASSETS_PA_MAGIC,
+        schema_version: ASSETS_PA_SCHEMA_VERSION,
+        header_len: header.len() as u32,
+        payload_offset,
+        flags: 0,
+        reserved: 0,
+        header_checksum: 0,
+    };
+
+    let mut bytes = prelude.to_bytes().to_vec();
+    bytes.extend_from_slice(&header);
+    bytes.extend_from_slice(&glyph_payload);
+    bytes.extend_from_slice(&scene_payload);
+    debug_assert_eq!(bytes.len(), payload_offset as usize + payload_len);
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+fn build_glyph_asset() -> (AssetEntry, Vec<u8>) {
+    let pixel_indices = vec![1_u8; 8 * 8];
+    let mut payload = pack_4bpp(&pixel_indices);
+    payload.extend_from_slice(&build_palette_bytes());
+
+    let entry = AssetEntry {
+        asset_id: 0,
+        asset_name: "stress_square".into(),
+        bank_type: BankType::GLYPH,
+        offset: 0,
+        size: payload.len() as u64,
+        decoded_size: (8 * 8 + GLYPH_BANK_PALETTE_COUNT_V1 * GLYPH_BANK_COLORS_PER_PALETTE * 2)
+            as u64,
+        codec: AssetCodec::None,
+        metadata: serde_json::json!({
+            "tile_size": 8,
+            "width": 8,
+            "height": 8,
+            "palette_count": GLYPH_BANK_PALETTE_COUNT_V1,
+            "palette_authored": GLYPH_BANK_PALETTE_COUNT_V1
+        }),
+    };
+
+    (entry, payload)
+}
+
+fn build_palette_bytes() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes =
+        Vec::with_capacity(GLYPH_BANK_PALETTE_COUNT_V1 * GLYPH_BANK_COLORS_PER_PALETTE * 2);
+    for palette_id in 0..GLYPH_BANK_PALETTE_COUNT_V1 {
+        for color_index in 0..GLYPH_BANK_COLORS_PER_PALETTE {
+            let color = if color_index == 1 { stress_color(palette_id) } else { Color::BLACK };
+            bytes.extend_from_slice(&color.raw().to_le_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    bytes
+}
+
+fn stress_color(palette_id: usize) -> Color {
+    let r = ((palette_id * 53) % 256) as u8;
+    let g = ((palette_id * 97 + 64) % 256) as u8;
+    let b = ((palette_id * 29 + 128) % 256) as u8;
+    Color::rgb(r, g, b)
+}
+
+fn pack_4bpp(indices: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut packed = Vec::with_capacity(indices.len().div_ceil(2));
+    for chunk in indices.chunks(2) {
+        let hi = chunk[0] & 0x0f;
+        let lo = chunk.get(1).copied().unwrap_or(0) & 0x0f;
+        packed.push((hi << 4) | lo);
+    }
+    packed
+}
+
+fn build_scene_bank() -> SceneBank {
+    let mut layers = std::array::from_fn(|layer_index| {
+        let mut tiles = vec![
+            Tile {
+                active: false,
+                glyph: Glyph { glyph_id: 0, palette_id: layer_index as u8 + 1 },
+                flip_x: false,
+                flip_y: false,
+            };
+            64 * 32
+        ];
+
+        for step in 0..8 {
+            let x = 4 + step * 7 + layer_index * 2;
+            let y = 2 + step * 3 + layer_index * 2;
+            let index = y * 64 + x;
+            tiles[index] = Tile {
+                active: true,
+                glyph: Glyph { glyph_id: 0, palette_id: layer_index as u8 + 1 },
+                flip_x: false,
+                flip_y: false,
+            };
+        }
+
+        SceneLayer {
+            active: true,
+            glyph_bank_id: 0,
+            tile_size: TileSize::Size8,
+            parallax_factor: match layer_index {
+                0 => ParallaxFactor { x: 1.0, y: 1.0 },
+                1 => ParallaxFactor { x: 0.75, y: 0.75 },
+                2 => ParallaxFactor { x: 0.5, y: 0.5 },
+                _ => ParallaxFactor { x: 0.25, y: 0.25 },
+            },
+            tilemap: TileMap { width: 64, height: 32, tiles },
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Keep the farthest layer a bit sparser so the diagonal remains visually readable.
+    for step in 0..4 {
+        let x = 10 + step * 12;
+        let y = 4 + step * 5;
+        let index = y * 64 + x;
+        layers[3].tilemap.tiles[index].active = false;
+    }
+
+    SceneBank { layers }
+}
+
+fn expected_scene_decoded_size(scene: &SceneBank) -> usize {
+    scene
+        .layers
+        .iter()
+        .map(|layer| {
+            SCENE_DECODED_LAYER_OVERHEAD_BYTES_V1 + layer.tilemap.tiles.len() * size_of::<Tile>()
+        })
+        .sum()
+}
+
+fn encode_scene_payload(scene: &SceneBank) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    data.extend_from_slice(&SCENE_PAYLOAD_MAGIC_V1);
+    data.extend_from_slice(&SCENE_PAYLOAD_VERSION_V1.to_le_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(SCENE_LAYER_COUNT_V1 as u16).to_le_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&0_u32.to_le_bytes());
+
+    for layer in &scene.layers {
+        let layer_flags = if layer.active { 0b0000_0001 } else { 0 };
+        data.push(layer_flags);
+        data.push(layer.glyph_bank_id);
+        data.push(layer.tile_size as u8);
+        data.push(0);
+        data.extend_from_slice(&layer.parallax_factor.x.to_le_bytes());
+        data.extend_from_slice(&layer.parallax_factor.y.to_le_bytes());
+        data.extend_from_slice(&(layer.tilemap.width as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        data.extend_from_slice(&(layer.tilemap.height as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        data.extend_from_slice(&(layer.tilemap.tiles.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        data.extend_from_slice(&0_u32.to_le_bytes());
+
+        for tile in &layer.tilemap.tiles {
+            let mut tile_flags = 0_u8;
+            if tile.active {
+                tile_flags |= 0b0000_0001;
+            }
+            if tile.flip_x {
+                tile_flags |= 0b0000_0010;
+            }
+            if tile.flip_y {
+                tile_flags |= 0b0000_0100;
+            }
+            data.push(tile_flags);
+            data.push(tile.glyph.palette_id);
+            data.extend_from_slice(&tile.glyph.glyph_id.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+
+    data
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn assets_pack_contains_preloaded_glyph_and_scene_assets() {
+        let bytes = build_assets_pack().expect("assets pack");
+        let prelude =
+            AssetsPackPrelude::from_bytes(&bytes[..ASSETS_PA_PRELUDE_SIZE]).expect("prelude");
+        assert_eq!(prelude.magic, ASSETS_PA_MAGIC);
+        assert_eq!(prelude.schema_version, ASSETS_PA_SCHEMA_VERSION);
+
+        let header_start = ASSETS_PA_PRELUDE_SIZE;
+        let header_end = header_start + prelude.header_len as usize;
+        let header: AssetsPackHeader =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&bytes[header_start..header_end]).expect("header");
+
+        assert_eq!(header.asset_table.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(header.preload.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(header.asset_table[0].bank_type, BankType::GLYPH);
+        assert_eq!(header.asset_table[1].bank_type, BankType::SCENE);
+        assert_eq!(header.preload[0].slot, 0);
+        assert_eq!(header.preload[1].slot, 0);
+        assert_eq!(header.asset_table[0].offset, 0);
+        assert_eq!(header.asset_table[1].offset, header.asset_table[0].size);
+        assert_eq!(
+            bytes.len(),
+            prelude.payload_offset as usize
+                + header.asset_table[0].size as usize
+                + header.asset_table[1].size as usize
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/discussion/index.ndjson b/discussion/index.ndjson
index c8617971..68838273 100644
--- a/discussion/index.ndjson
+++ b/discussion/index.ndjson
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-{"type":"meta","next_id":{"DSC":28,"AGD":28,"DEC":16,"PLN":26,"LSN":31,"CLSN":1}}
+{"type":"meta","next_id":{"DSC":29,"AGD":29,"DEC":17,"PLN":30,"LSN":31,"CLSN":1}}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0023","status":"done","ticket":"perf-full-migration-to-atomic-telemetry","title":"Agenda - [PERF] Full Migration to Atomic Telemetry","created_at":"2026-04-10","updated_at":"2026-04-10","tags":["perf","runtime","telemetry"],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0021","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0021-full-migration-to-atomic-telemetry.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-10","updated_at":"2026-04-10"}],"decisions":[{"id":"DEC-0008","file":"workflow/decisions/DEC-0008-full-migration-to-atomic-telemetry.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-10","updated_at":"2026-04-10"}],"plans":[{"id":"PLN-0007","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0007-full-migration-to-atomic-telemetry.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-10","updated_at":"2026-04-10"}],"lessons":[{"id":"LSN-0028","file":"lessons/DSC-0023-perf-full-migration-to-atomic-telemetry/LSN-0028-converging-to-single-atomic-telemetry-source.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-10","updated_at":"2026-04-10"}]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0020","status":"done","ticket":"jenkins-gitea-integration","title":"Jenkins Gitea Integration and Relocation","created_at":"2026-04-07","updated_at":"2026-04-07","tags":["ci","jenkins","gitea"],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0018","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0018-jenkins-gitea-integration-and-relocation.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-07","updated_at":"2026-04-07"}],"decisions":[{"id":"DEC-0003","file":"workflow/decisions/DEC-0003-jenkins-gitea-strategy.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-07","updated_at":"2026-04-07"}],"plans":[{"id":"PLN-0003","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0003-jenkins-gitea-execution.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-07","updated_at":"2026-04-07"}],"lessons":[{"id":"LSN-0021","file":"lessons/DSC-0020-jenkins-gitea-integration/LSN-0021-jenkins-gitea-integration.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-07","updated_at":"2026-04-07"}]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0021","status":"done","ticket":"asset-entry-codec-enum-with-metadata","title":"Asset Entry Codec Enum Contract","created_at":"2026-04-09","updated_at":"2026-04-09","tags":["asset","runtime","codec","metadata"],"agendas":[],"decisions":[],"plans":[],"lessons":[{"id":"LSN-0024","file":"lessons/DSC-0021-asset-entry-codec-enum-contract/LSN-0024-string-on-the-wire-enum-in-runtime.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-09","updated_at":"2026-04-09"}]}
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0025","status":"done","ticket":"scene-bank-and-viewport-cache-refactor","title":"Scene Bank and Viewport Cache Refactor","created_at":"2026-04-11","updated_at":"2026-04-14","tags":["gfx","tilemap","runtime","render"],"agendas":[],"decisions":[],"plans":[],"lessons":[{"id":"LSN-0030","file":"lessons/DSC-0025-scene-bank-and-viewport-cache-refactor/LSN-0030-canonical-scene-cache-and-resolver-split.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-14"}]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0026","status":"open","ticket":"render-all-scene-cache-and-camera-integration","title":"Integrate render_all with Scene Cache and Camera","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15","tags":["gfx","runtime","render","camera","scene"],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0026","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0026-render-all-scene-cache-and-camera-integration.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15"}],"decisions":[{"id":"DEC-0014","file":"workflow/decisions/DEC-0014-frame-composer-render-integration.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15","ref_agenda":"AGD-0026"}],"plans":[{"id":"PLN-0017","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0017-frame-composer-core-and-hardware-ownership.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15","ref_decisions":["DEC-0014"]},{"id":"PLN-0018","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0018-sprite-controller-and-frame-emission-model.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-14","ref_decisions":["DEC-0014"]},{"id":"PLN-0019","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0019-scene-binding-camera-and-scene-status.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15","ref_decisions":["DEC-0014"]},{"id":"PLN-0020","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0020-cache-refresh-and-render-frame-path.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15","ref_decisions":["DEC-0014"]},{"id":"PLN-0021","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0021-service-retirement-callsite-migration-and-regression.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-14","updated_at":"2026-04-15","ref_decisions":["DEC-0014"]}],"lessons":[]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0027","status":"open","ticket":"frame-composer-public-syscall-surface","title":"Agenda - FrameComposer Public Syscall Surface","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17","tags":["gfx","runtime","syscall","abi","frame-composer","scene","camera","sprites"],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0027","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0027-frame-composer-public-syscall-surface.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17"}],"decisions":[{"id":"DEC-0015","file":"workflow/decisions/DEC-0015-frame-composer-public-syscall-surface.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17","ref_agenda":"AGD-0027"}],"plans":[{"id":"PLN-0022","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0022-composer-syscall-domain-and-spec-propagation.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17","ref_decisions":["DEC-0015"]},{"id":"PLN-0023","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0023-composer-runtime-dispatch-and-legacy-removal.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17","ref_decisions":["DEC-0015"]},{"id":"PLN-0024","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0024-composer-cartridge-tooling-and-regression-migration.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17","ref_decisions":["DEC-0015"]},{"id":"PLN-0025","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0025-final-ci-validation-and-polish.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-17","updated_at":"2026-04-17","ref_decisions":["DEC-0015"]}],"lessons":[]}
+{"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0028","status":"open","ticket":"deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition","title":"Deferred Overlay and Primitive Composition over FrameComposer","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18","tags":["gfx","runtime","render","frame-composer","overlay","primitives","hud"],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0028","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0028-deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18"}],"decisions":[{"id":"DEC-0016","file":"workflow/decisions/DEC-0016-deferred-gfx-overlay-outside-frame-composer.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18","ref_agenda":"AGD-0028"}],"plans":[{"id":"PLN-0026","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0026-gfx-overlay-contract-and-spec-propagation.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18","ref_decisions":["DEC-0016"]},{"id":"PLN-0027","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0027-deferred-gfx-overlay-subsystem.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18","ref_decisions":["DEC-0016"]},{"id":"PLN-0028","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0028-runtime-frame-end-overlay-integration-and-parity.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18","ref_decisions":["DEC-0016"]},{"id":"PLN-0029","file":"workflow/plans/PLN-0029-final-overlay-ci-validation-and-polish.md","status":"accepted","created_at":"2026-04-18","updated_at":"2026-04-18","ref_decisions":["DEC-0016"]}],"lessons":[]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0014","status":"open","ticket":"perf-vm-allocation-and-copy-pressure","title":"Agenda - [PERF] VM Allocation and Copy Pressure","created_at":"2026-03-27","updated_at":"2026-03-27","tags":[],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0013","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0013-perf-vm-allocation-and-copy-pressure.md","status":"open","created_at":"2026-03-27","updated_at":"2026-03-27"}],"decisions":[],"plans":[],"lessons":[]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0015","status":"open","ticket":"perf-cartridge-boot-and-program-ownership","title":"Agenda - [PERF] Cartridge Boot and Program Ownership","created_at":"2026-03-27","updated_at":"2026-03-27","tags":[],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0014","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0014-perf-cartridge-boot-and-program-ownership.md","status":"open","created_at":"2026-03-27","updated_at":"2026-03-27"}],"decisions":[],"plans":[],"lessons":[]}
 {"type":"discussion","id":"DSC-0016","status":"done","ticket":"tilemap-empty-cell-vs-tile-id-zero","title":"Tilemap Empty Cell vs Tile ID Zero","created_at":"2026-03-27","updated_at":"2026-04-09","tags":[],"agendas":[{"id":"AGD-0015","file":"workflow/agendas/AGD-0015-tilemap-empty-cell-vs-tile-id-zero.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-03-27","updated_at":"2026-04-09"}],"decisions":[],"plans":[],"lessons":[{"id":"LSN-0022","file":"lessons/DSC-0016-tilemap-empty-cell-semantics/LSN-0022-tilemap-empty-cell-convergence.md","status":"done","created_at":"2026-04-09","updated_at":"2026-04-09"}]}
diff --git a/discussion/workflow/agendas/AGD-0028-deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition.md b/discussion/workflow/agendas/AGD-0028-deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..677f31b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/discussion/workflow/agendas/AGD-0028-deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+---
+id: AGD-0028
+ticket: deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition
+title: Deferred Overlay and Primitive Composition over FrameComposer
+status: accepted
+created: 2026-04-18
+updated: 2026-04-18
+resolved: 2026-04-18
+decision: DEC-0016
+tags: [gfx, runtime, render, frame-composer, overlay, primitives, hud]
+---
+
+## Contexto
+
+`FrameComposer.render_frame()` hoje recompõe o `back` no fim da logical frame. Quando há scene bound, o caminho `render_scene_from_cache(...)` limpa o buffer e desenha scene + sprites, o que apaga qualquer primitive ou `draw_text(...)` emitido antes via `gfx`.
+
+Isso expôs um conflito de modelo:
+
+- `composer.*` já é o caminho canônico de orquestração de frame;
+- `gfx.draw_text(...)` e demais primitives ainda escrevem diretamente no `back`;
+- o runtime só chama `render_frame()` no final do frame, então a escrita imediata em `back` deixou de ser semanticamente estável.
+- As primitives de `gfx` não são o mecanismo desejado para composição de jogos com scene/tile/sprite; elas existem principalmente como debug, instrumentação visual e artefatos rápidos.
+
+Conteúdo relevante migrado de [AGD-0010](/Users/niltonconstantino/personal/workspace.personal/intrepid/prometeu/runtime/discussion/workflow/agendas/AGD-0010-perf-gfx-render-pipeline-and-dirty-regions.md):
+
+- a arquitetura aceita continua sendo de framebuffer destrutivo em memória, não scene graph ou renderer tipo GPU;
+- otimizações em primitives devem preservar a semântica observável, mesmo quando ganharem fast paths internos;
+- existe preocupação explícita com custo por classe de primitive e com orçamento de memória no alvo handheld;
+- caminhos de spans/linhas/clears são desejáveis como aceleração interna, mas sem reabrir o modelo operacional do pipeline do jogo.
+
+## Problema
+
+Precisamos decidir qual é o modelo canônico para primitives e texto no pipeline pós-`FrameComposer`.
+
+Sem isso:
+
+- texto e primitives continuam com comportamento dependente da ordem interna do renderer;
+- o stress test e qualquer cartridge que combine `composer.*` com `gfx.*` terão resultado inconsistente;
+- fica indefinido se primitives pertencem ao mundo, ao HUD, ou a um overlay final.
+
+## Pontos Criticos
+
+- `draw_text(...)` e primitives screen-space não podem depender de escrita imediata em `back`.
+- Para esta thread, primitives de `gfx` devem permanecer agnósticas ao pipeline canônico de render do jogo e não devem ser mescladas semanticamente com tiles/sprites.
+- A ordem de composição precisa ser explícita e estável: `scene -> sprites -> HUD -> primitives/debug overlay`, ou outra ordem formal equivalente.
+- Precisamos decidir se o contrato público de `gfx.*` muda semanticamente sem mudar ABI, ou se parte dessa superfície migra para `composer.*`.
+- A solução deve preservar o caminho sem scene bound.
+- A implementação deve evitar contaminar a infraestrutura de `gfx` responsável por scene, sprites e HUD com estado misto de overlay/debug; se necessário, o overlay deve ter fila/fase própria.
+- melhorias internas de primitive path devem continuar permitidas, desde que não mudem a semântica de overlay final e não exijam buffers extras incompatíveis com o orçamento de memória aceito.
+
+## Opcoes
+
+### Opcao 1 - Manter escrita direta em `back`
+
+- **Abordagem:** manter `gfx.draw_text(...)` e primitives rasterizando imediatamente.
+- **Pro:** zero mudança estrutural agora.
+- **Contra:** o modelo continua quebrado sempre que `render_frame()` recompõe o buffer depois.
+- **Tradeoff:** só funciona de forma confiável fora do caminho canônico do `FrameComposer`.
+
+### Opcao 2 - Fila única de draw commands pós-scene/pós-sprite
+
+- **Abordagem:** transformar texto e primitives em comandos diferidos, drenados depois de `scene + sprites`.
+- **Pro:** resolve o problema imediato de overlay/HUD e estabiliza o stress test.
+- **Contra:** mistura HUD e primitives/debug sob o mesmo conceito, reduzindo clareza contratual mesmo quando a ordem prática for a mesma.
+- **Tradeoff:** simples para V1, mas semanticamente mais fraco do que separar overlay de jogo e overlay de debug.
+
+### Opcao 3 - Separar HUD diferido de primitives/debug overlay final
+
+- **Abordagem:** tratar `gfx.draw_text(...)` e demais primitives de `gfx` como overlay/debug final, separado da composição canônica de jogo (`scene + sprites + HUD`).
+- **Pro:** casa com a intenção declarada para `gfx.*`: debug, artefato rápido e instrumentação visual acima do frame do jogo.
+- **Contra:** exige modelar explicitamente uma fase extra no pipeline.
+- **Tradeoff:** aumenta a clareza contratual e evita mesclar primitives com o domínio de jogo.
+
+### Opcao 4 - Manter HUD e primitives no mesmo estágio final, mas com categorias separadas
+
+- **Abordagem:** drenar HUD e primitives ambos no fim do frame, porém com filas/categorias distintas e ordem formal `HUD -> primitives`.
+- **Pro:** preserva implementação próxima entre caminhos similares, mantendo contrato separado.
+- **Contra:** é mais custoso que a opção 3 sem entregar muito valor adicional imediato.
+- **Tradeoff:** bom se já houver expectativa de HUD canônico separado no curtíssimo prazo.
+
+## Sugestao / Recomendacao
+
+Seguir com a **Opcao 3**.
+
+Minha recomendação é:
+
+- retirar a escrita direta em `back` como contrato operacional para `gfx.draw_text(...)` e demais primitives de `gfx`;
+- introduzir uma fila diferida canônica de primitives/debug overlay drenada no fim do frame;
+- tratar `gfx.*` primitive/text como superfície agnóstica ao pipeline de jogo e explicitamente acima da composição canônica;
+- não misturar semanticamente primitives com scene/tile/sprite/HUD.
+- evitar compartilhar indevidamente o mesmo mecanismo operacional de composição entre overlay/debug e os caminhos de scene/sprite/HUD, mesmo quando o backend de rasterização reutilizado for o mesmo.
+
+Ordem recomendada para o frame canônico:
+
+1. limpar/compor scene;
+2. compor sprites;
+3. compor HUD canônico, se existir;
+4. aplicar `scene_fade`;
+5. aplicar `hud_fade`;
+6. drenar primitives/debug overlay de `gfx.*`.
+
+## Perguntas em Aberto
+
+- `draw_text(...)` e as demais primitives de `gfx` entram todas na mesma família de overlay final já na V1, ou começamos só com `draw_text(...)`?
+- `render_no_scene_frame()` deve usar a mesma fila diferida para manter semântica idêntica com e sem scene?
+- HUD canônico precisa existir explicitamente nesta mesma thread, ou pode continuar implícito/externo enquanto as primitives já migram para overlay final?
+- quais fast paths internos de primitives continuam desejáveis nessa nova fase, por exemplo spans horizontais/verticais, fills e clears, sem misturar isso com a composição do jogo?
+- o overlay/debug final precisa de dirtying próprio por classe de primitive ou isso pode ficar fora da primeira migração?
+
+## Criterio para Encerrar
+
+Esta agenda pode ser encerrada quando tivermos uma resposta explícita para:
+
+- o destino semântico de `draw_text(...)`;
+- se haverá uma fila própria para primitives/debug overlay e qual a relação dela com HUD;
+- a ordem canônica de composição do frame;
+- o escopo exato da primeira migração implementável sem reabrir o restante do pipeline.
+
+## Resolucao Parcial
+
+Direção já aceita nesta agenda:
+
+- primitives e `draw_text(...)` de `gfx.*` devem ser tratadas como overlay/debug final;
+- esse overlay deve ser drenado **depois** de `hud_fade`;
+- scene, sprites e HUD canônico não devem ser semanticamente misturados com o overlay/debug;
+- a implementação deve preservar separação operacional suficiente para que o `gfx` usado pelo pipeline do jogo não passe a depender do estado transitório de primitives/debug;
+- otimizações de primitive path discutidas na `AGD-0010` continuam válidas, mas passam a operar dentro do domínio de overlay/debug final, não como parte da composição canônica de scene/sprite/HUD.
+
+## Resolucao
+
+Esta agenda fica aceita com os seguintes pontos fechados:
+
+- `gfx.draw_text(...)` e as demais primitives públicas de `gfx.*` pertencem à mesma família V1 de overlay/debug final;
+- esse overlay/debug fica **fora** do `FrameComposer`;
+- `FrameComposer` continua restrito à composição canônica do jogo (`scene`, `sprites` e HUD canônico quando existir);
+- o overlay/debug deve ser drenado depois de `hud_fade`;
+- o caminho sem scene bound deve observar a mesma semântica final de overlay/debug;
+- HUD canônico explícito não faz parte desta thread e pode permanecer implícito/externo por enquanto;
+- fast paths internos de primitives continuam permitidos, desde que preservem a semântica observável do overlay/debug final;
+- dirtying granular ou otimizações finas por classe de primitive não fazem parte da primeira migração normativa desta thread.
diff --git a/discussion/workflow/decisions/DEC-0016-deferred-gfx-overlay-outside-frame-composer.md b/discussion/workflow/decisions/DEC-0016-deferred-gfx-overlay-outside-frame-composer.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be739372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/discussion/workflow/decisions/DEC-0016-deferred-gfx-overlay-outside-frame-composer.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+---
+id: DEC-0016
+ticket: deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition
+title: Deferred GFX Overlay Outside FrameComposer
+status: accepted
+created: 2026-04-18
+accepted: 2026-04-18
+agenda: AGD-0028
+plans: [PLN-0026, PLN-0027, PLN-0028, PLN-0029]
+tags: [gfx, runtime, render, frame-composer, overlay, primitives, hud]
+---
+
+## Status
+
+Accepted.
+
+## Contexto
+
+`DEC-0014` and `DEC-0015` established `FrameComposer` as the canonical orchestration path for game-frame composition and exposed that orchestration publicly through `composer.*`.
+
+That migration left `gfx.draw_text(...)` and other `gfx` primitives with their historical immediate-write behavior against the working framebuffer. Once the runtime moved to end-of-frame composition through `FrameComposer.render_frame()`, those immediate writes became unstable: scene-backed frame composition can rebuild the backbuffer after primitive calls have already touched it.
+
+The resulting conflict is not about whether primitives should remain available. It is about their semantic place in the pipeline. The accepted direction of this thread is that `gfx` primitives are not part of the canonical game composition model. They are primarily for debug, quick visual instrumentation, and rapid artifacts, and they must remain agnostic to scene/tile/sprite/HUD composition.
+
+Relevant performance context migrated from `AGD-0010` also remains in force:
+
+- the renderer continues to be a destructive software framebuffer model, not a retained scene graph or GPU-style renderer;
+- internal primitive fast paths remain desirable;
+- memory growth must remain constrained for the handheld target;
+- optimization of primitive execution must not alter observable semantics.
+
+## Decisao
+
+`gfx.*` primitives and text SHALL move to a deferred final overlay model that lives outside `FrameComposer`.
+
+Normatively:
+
+- `FrameComposer` SHALL remain responsible only for canonical game-frame composition:
+  - scene composition;
+  - sprite composition;
+  - canonical HUD composition when such a HUD stage exists.
+- `FrameComposer` MUST NOT become the owner of debug/primitive overlay state.
+- Public `gfx.*` primitives, including `gfx.draw_text(...)`, SHALL belong to a V1 `gfx` overlay/debug family.
+- That overlay/debug family SHALL be deferred rather than written immediately as the stable operational contract.
+- The deferred overlay/debug stage SHALL be drained after `hud_fade`.
+- The deferred overlay/debug stage SHALL be above scene, sprites, and canonical HUD in final visual order.
+- The no-scene path MUST preserve the same final overlay/debug semantics.
+- `gfx.*` primitives MUST remain semantically separate from scene/tile/sprite/HUD composition.
+- The implementation MUST preserve operational separation sufficient to prevent the canonical game pipeline from depending on transient primitive/debug state.
+
+## Rationale
+
+This decision keeps the architectural boundary clean.
+
+`FrameComposer` exists to own the canonical game frame. Debug primitives do not belong to that contract. Pulling them into `FrameComposer` would make the orchestration service responsible for a second semantic domain with different goals:
+
+- game composition must be deterministic and canonical;
+- primitive/text overlay must be opportunistic, screen-space, and pipeline-agnostic.
+
+Keeping overlay/debug outside `FrameComposer` also aligns with the stated product intent: these primitives are useful helpers, but they are not meant to become a second composition language for games.
+
+Draining them after `hud_fade` preserves the user-visible requirement that debug/overlay content stay truly on top and legible. This is more faithful to the accepted intent than treating primitives as part of HUD or world composition.
+
+Finally, separating semantic ownership still leaves room for implementation reuse. Raster backends, span paths, and buffer-writing helpers may still be shared internally, provided the public operational model remains separate.
+
+## Invariantes / Contrato
+
+### 1. Ownership Boundary
+
+- `FrameComposer` MUST own only canonical game-frame composition.
+- Primitive/debug overlay state MUST live outside `FrameComposer`.
+- The canonical game pipeline MUST NOT depend on primitive/debug overlay state for correctness.
+
+### 2. Overlay Semantics
+
+- `gfx.draw_text(...)` and sibling `gfx` primitives SHALL be treated as deferred final overlay/debug operations.
+- Immediate direct writes to `back` MUST NOT remain the stable operational contract for these primitives.
+- Final overlay/debug output MUST appear after:
+  - scene composition;
+  - sprite composition;
+  - canonical HUD composition, if present;
+  - `scene_fade`;
+  - `hud_fade`.
+
+### 3. Separation from Game Composition
+
+- Primitive/debug overlay MUST NOT be reinterpreted as scene content.
+- Primitive/debug overlay MUST NOT be reinterpreted as sprite content.
+- Primitive/debug overlay MUST NOT be the vehicle for canonical HUD composition.
+- The public `gfx.*` primitive surface SHALL remain pipeline-agnostic relative to `composer.*`.
+
+### 4. Consistency Across Frame Paths
+
+- The scene-bound path and no-scene path MUST expose the same final overlay/debug behavior.
+- Users MUST NOT need to know whether a scene is bound for `gfx.*` primitives to appear as final overlay/debug content.
+
+### 5. Internal Optimization Contract
+
+- Internal fast paths for lines, spans, fills, clears, or similar primitive operations MAY be introduced.
+- Such fast paths MUST preserve the observable deferred overlay/debug semantics.
+- This decision DOES NOT require fine-grained dirtying or per-primitive-class invalidation in the first migration.
+
+## Impactos
+
+### Runtime / Drivers
+
+- The runtime frame-end sequence must gain a distinct overlay/debug drain stage outside `FrameComposer`.
+- `gfx.draw_text(...)` and peer primitives can no longer rely on stable immediate framebuffer writes once this migration lands.
+
+### GFX Backend
+
+- `Gfx` will need an explicit deferred overlay/debug command path or equivalent subsystem boundary.
+- Shared raster helpers remain allowed, but the overlay/debug phase must stay semantically distinct from scene/sprite/HUD composition.
+
+### FrameComposer
+
+- `FrameComposer` must remain free of primitive/debug overlay ownership.
+- Any future HUD integration must not collapse that boundary.
+
+### Spec / Docs
+
+- The canonical graphics/runtime spec must describe `gfx.*` primitives as deferred final overlay/debug operations rather than stable immediate backbuffer writes.
+- Documentation that describes frame ordering must show overlay/debug after `hud_fade`.
+
+### Performance Follow-up
+
+- `AGD-0010` remains the home for broader renderer performance work, dirtying strategy, and low-level primitive optimization policy.
+- Primitive optimization carried out under that thread must respect the normative separation established here.
+
+## Referencias
+
+- [AGD-0028-deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition.md](/Users/niltonconstantino/personal/workspace.personal/intrepid/prometeu/runtime/discussion/workflow/agendas/AGD-0028-deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition.md)
+- [AGD-0010-perf-gfx-render-pipeline-and-dirty-regions.md](/Users/niltonconstantino/personal/workspace.personal/intrepid/prometeu/runtime/discussion/workflow/agendas/AGD-0010-perf-gfx-render-pipeline-and-dirty-regions.md)
+- [DEC-0014-frame-composer-render-integration.md](/Users/niltonconstantino/personal/workspace.personal/intrepid/prometeu/runtime/discussion/workflow/decisions/DEC-0014-frame-composer-render-integration.md)
+- [DEC-0015-frame-composer-public-syscall-surface.md](/Users/niltonconstantino/personal/workspace.personal/intrepid/prometeu/runtime/discussion/workflow/decisions/DEC-0015-frame-composer-public-syscall-surface.md)
+
+## Propagacao Necessaria
+
+- A new implementation plan MUST be created before code changes.
+- That plan MUST cover:
+  - deferred overlay/debug ownership outside `FrameComposer`;
+  - runtime frame-end ordering changes;
+  - no-scene path parity;
+  - spec/documentation updates for `gfx.*` primitive semantics.
+- The implementation plan MUST NOT reopen the ownership boundary accepted here.
+
+## Revision Log
+
+- 2026-04-18: Initial accepted decision from `AGD-0028`.
+- 2026-04-18: Linked implementation plan family `PLN-0026` through `PLN-0029`.
diff --git a/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0026-gfx-overlay-contract-and-spec-propagation.md b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0026-gfx-overlay-contract-and-spec-propagation.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab33e3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0026-gfx-overlay-contract-and-spec-propagation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+---
+id: PLN-0026
+ticket: deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition
+title: Plan - GFX Overlay Contract and Spec Propagation
+status: accepted
+created: 2026-04-18
+completed:
+tags: [gfx, runtime, spec, overlay, primitives, hud]
+---
+
+## Objective
+
+Propagate `DEC-0016` into the canonical specs and internal contracts so `gfx.*` primitives are defined as deferred final overlay/debug operations outside `FrameComposer`.
+
+## Background
+
+`DEC-0016` locks a new semantic boundary:
+
+- `FrameComposer` remains the owner of canonical game-frame composition;
+- `gfx.*` primitives and `draw_text(...)` become deferred final overlay/debug operations;
+- that overlay lives outside `FrameComposer` and is drained after `hud_fade`.
+
+Execution must start by updating the normative contract before implementation changes spread through runtime and drivers.
+
+## Scope
+
+### Included
+- update canonical runtime/gfx spec text to describe deferred overlay semantics
+- update any ABI-facing or developer-facing docs that still imply direct stable writes to `back`
+- align local contract comments and module docs where they currently imply immediate-write semantics as the stable model
+
+### Excluded
+- implementation of the overlay subsystem
+- runtime frame-end integration
+- final repository-wide CI
+
+## Execution Steps
+
+### Step 1 - Update canonical graphics/runtime documentation
+
+**What:**
+Publish the new semantic contract for `gfx.*` primitives.
+
+**How:**
+- Update the canonical runtime/gfx spec so `gfx.draw_text(...)` and peer primitives are described as deferred final overlay/debug operations.
+- State explicitly that primitives are not part of canonical scene/sprite/HUD composition.
+- State the ordering rule that overlay/debug is drained after `hud_fade`.
+- Ensure the no-scene and scene-bound paths are described consistently.
+
+**File(s):**
+- canonical runtime/gfx spec files under `docs/specs/runtime/`
+
+### Step 2 - Align implementation-facing contract text
+
+**What:**
+Remove stale implementation comments that imply immediate stable writes to the framebuffer.
+
+**How:**
+- Inspect module-level comments and trait docs in `hal`, `drivers`, and runtime code for language that now contradicts `DEC-0016`.
+- Update only the contract-bearing comments and docs that materially affect maintenance and implementation clarity.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/console/prometeu-hal/src/gfx_bridge.rs`
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/gfx.rs`
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/frame_composer.rs`
+- runtime-adjacent modules where frame ordering is described
+
+## Test Requirements
+
+### Unit Tests
+- none required for pure doc propagation
+
+### Integration Tests
+- none required for pure doc propagation
+
+### Manual Verification
+- inspect the updated spec and local contract comments to confirm they no longer describe primitives as stable direct writes to `back`
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+- [ ] Canonical spec text describes `gfx.*` primitives as deferred final overlay/debug operations.
+- [ ] The spec states that overlay/debug is outside `FrameComposer`.
+- [ ] The spec states that overlay/debug is drained after `hud_fade`.
+- [ ] Local implementation-facing contract comments no longer imply immediate-write semantics as the stable model.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+- Source decision: `DEC-0016`
+
+## Risks
+
+- Missing a normative doc location would leave code and published contract divergent.
+- Over-editing local comments could unintentionally restate design choices outside the scope of `DEC-0016`.
diff --git a/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0027-deferred-gfx-overlay-subsystem.md b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0027-deferred-gfx-overlay-subsystem.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e746e8fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0027-deferred-gfx-overlay-subsystem.md
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+---
+id: PLN-0027
+ticket: deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition
+title: Plan - Deferred GFX Overlay Subsystem
+status: accepted
+created: 2026-04-18
+completed:
+tags: [gfx, runtime, overlay, primitives, text, drivers]
+---
+
+## Objective
+
+Introduce a dedicated deferred overlay/debug subsystem for `gfx.*` primitives outside `FrameComposer`, with command capture for `draw_text(...)` and the primitive family selected for the first migration.
+
+## Background
+
+`DEC-0016` requires primitive/text overlay ownership to remain outside `FrameComposer` while still allowing shared raster helpers and low-level optimizations internally. The new subsystem must preserve semantic separation from scene/sprite/HUD composition.
+
+## Scope
+
+### Included
+- introduce an overlay/debug command queue or equivalent subsystem outside `FrameComposer`
+- route `gfx.draw_text(...)` into deferred command capture instead of stable direct framebuffer writes
+- route the chosen V1 primitive family into the same deferred overlay/debug path
+- keep raster helper reuse allowed without merging semantic ownership
+
+### Excluded
+- runtime frame-end sequencing
+- no-scene/scene parity tests at the runtime level
+- final repository-wide CI
+
+## Execution Steps
+
+### Step 1 - Define overlay/debug state ownership in drivers
+
+**What:**
+Create the subsystem that owns deferred `gfx.*` overlay/debug commands.
+
+**How:**
+- Add a dedicated owner adjacent to `Gfx`/`Hardware`, but not inside `FrameComposer`.
+- Define the minimal command model required for V1 operations.
+- Keep the subsystem screen-space and explicitly pipeline-agnostic relative to `composer.*`.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/*`
+- `crates/console/prometeu-hal/src/*` if bridge traits need extension
+
+### Step 2 - Route text and selected primitives into deferred capture
+
+**What:**
+Stop treating text/primitives as stable direct writes.
+
+**How:**
+- Change `gfx.draw_text(...)` to enqueue deferred overlay/debug work.
+- Migrate the selected V1 primitive set into the same deferred path.
+- Keep any remaining unmigrated primitives either explicitly out of scope or routed consistently if they are already part of the accepted V1 set.
+- Preserve internal raster helper reuse where useful.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/gfx.rs`
+- runtime dispatch call sites that submit `gfx.*` primitives
+
+### Step 3 - Add local driver-level tests for deferred capture semantics
+
+**What:**
+Prove that overlay/debug commands are captured separately from game composition state.
+
+**How:**
+- Add tests that assert text/primitives do not need direct stable writes to `back` to survive until overlay drain.
+- Add tests that assert the overlay owner is independent from `FrameComposer` state.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/gfx.rs`
+- new or existing driver test modules
+
+## Test Requirements
+
+### Unit Tests
+- command capture tests for `draw_text(...)`
+- tests for each migrated V1 primitive class
+- tests proving overlay/debug state is owned outside `FrameComposer`
+
+### Integration Tests
+- none in this plan; runtime-level ordering is covered by the next plan
+
+### Manual Verification
+- inspect driver ownership boundaries to confirm `FrameComposer` does not gain overlay/debug state
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+- [ ] A dedicated deferred overlay/debug subsystem exists outside `FrameComposer`.
+- [ ] `gfx.draw_text(...)` is captured as deferred overlay/debug work.
+- [ ] The selected V1 primitive family is captured through the same subsystem.
+- [ ] Driver-level tests prove overlay/debug state is operationally separate from canonical game composition state.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+- Source decision: `DEC-0016`
+- Prefer to execute after `PLN-0026`
+
+## Risks
+
+- Accidentally reusing `FrameComposer` storage or state would violate the accepted ownership boundary.
+- Migrating only part of the primitive family without explicit scoping could create inconsistent semantics across `gfx.*`.
diff --git a/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0028-runtime-frame-end-overlay-integration-and-parity.md b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0028-runtime-frame-end-overlay-integration-and-parity.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fadea8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0028-runtime-frame-end-overlay-integration-and-parity.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+---
+id: PLN-0028
+ticket: deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition
+title: Plan - Runtime Frame-End Overlay Integration and Parity
+status: accepted
+created: 2026-04-18
+completed:
+tags: [runtime, overlay, frame-composer, no-scene, regression, stress]
+---
+
+## Objective
+
+Integrate deferred overlay/debug draining into the runtime frame-end sequence so scene-bound and no-scene frames both present the same final `gfx.*` primitive behavior after `hud_fade`.
+
+## Background
+
+After `PLN-0027`, the overlay/debug subsystem will exist but still needs to be drained in the correct place relative to `FrameComposer.render_frame()`, fades, and present/present-adjacent behavior. This plan closes the observable runtime semantics required by `DEC-0016`.
+
+## Scope
+
+### Included
+- runtime frame-end ordering changes
+- scene-bound and no-scene parity
+- regression coverage for overlay visibility above the canonical game frame
+- stress-cartridge adjustments if needed to prove text/primitives now survive frame composition
+
+### Excluded
+- broad renderer optimization work
+- final repository-wide CI
+
+## Execution Steps
+
+### Step 1 - Insert overlay/debug drain into the frame-end path
+
+**What:**
+Drain deferred overlay/debug after canonical game composition is complete.
+
+**How:**
+- Update the runtime frame-end path so overlay/debug drain occurs after:
+  - `FrameComposer.render_frame()`
+  - `scene_fade`
+  - `hud_fade`
+- Ensure the same ordering is respected in the no-scene path.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/console/prometeu-system/src/virtual_machine_runtime/tick.rs`
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/hardware.rs`
+- `crates/console/prometeu-drivers/src/gfx.rs`
+- any bridge traits needed by the runtime/hardware path
+
+### Step 2 - Add runtime and driver regressions for final visual ordering
+
+**What:**
+Lock the new visible behavior.
+
+**How:**
+- Add tests proving `gfx.draw_text(...)` remains visible after scene-backed frame composition.
+- Add tests proving the same behavior with no scene bound.
+- Add tests proving overlay/debug sits above the canonical game frame rather than being erased by it.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/console/prometeu-system/src/virtual_machine_runtime/tests.rs`
+- driver-level render tests where helpful
+
+### Step 3 - Update stress/integration fixtures if needed
+
+**What:**
+Restore or improve stress scenarios that rely on visible text/primitives.
+
+**How:**
+- Update `pbxgen-stress` or related stress fixtures so text/primitives are once again a valid visible overlay signal.
+- Keep the stress focused on the new model rather than reintroducing obsolete immediate-write assumptions.
+
+**File(s):**
+- `crates/tools/pbxgen-stress/src/lib.rs`
+- `test-cartridges/stress-console/*`
+
+## Test Requirements
+
+### Unit Tests
+- local ordering tests where runtime integration depends on helper sequencing
+
+### Integration Tests
+- runtime tests for scene-bound overlay/debug visibility
+- runtime tests for no-scene parity
+- stress/tooling validation that text or primitives are visible again as final overlay/debug
+
+### Manual Verification
+- run the stress path and visually confirm overlay/debug survives on top of scene/sprites after frame composition
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+- [ ] The runtime drains deferred overlay/debug after canonical game composition and after `hud_fade`.
+- [ ] Scene-bound and no-scene paths expose the same overlay/debug semantics.
+- [ ] Regression tests prove `draw_text(...)` is no longer erased by scene-backed frame composition.
+- [ ] Stress/integration fixtures reflect the new final-overlay semantics where applicable.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+- Source decision: `DEC-0016`
+- Depends on `PLN-0027`
+
+## Risks
+
+- If fades are still applied after overlay/debug drain, the visible contract will contradict `DEC-0016`.
+- Incomplete parity between scene-bound and no-scene paths would leave runtime behavior mode-dependent.
diff --git a/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0029-final-overlay-ci-validation-and-polish.md b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0029-final-overlay-ci-validation-and-polish.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..085d83c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/discussion/workflow/plans/PLN-0029-final-overlay-ci-validation-and-polish.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+---
+id: PLN-0029
+ticket: deferred-overlay-and-primitive-composition
+title: Plan - Final Overlay CI Validation and Polish
+status: accepted
+created: 2026-04-18
+completed:
+tags: [ci, overlay, runtime, gfx, validation]
+---
+
+## Objective
+
+Run the final repository validation path for the deferred overlay/debug migration and perform the last compatibility, formatting, lint, and regression fixes required to close the thread cleanly.
+
+## Background
+
+`DEC-0016` changes visible runtime semantics and touches both specs and code paths around frame composition. A dedicated final-validation plan is needed so the implementation family can close on a clean CI signal rather than leaving integration fallout for later.
+
+## Scope
+
+### Included
+- full-tree formatting, lint, and test validation
+- stress-path smoke validation after overlay integration
+- final cleanup fixes required to satisfy CI
+
+### Excluded
+- new feature work outside the accepted overlay/debug migration
+
+## Execution Steps
+
+### Step 1 - Run focused validation before full CI
+
+**What:**
+Catch local fallout in the touched areas before the full repository pass.
+
+**How:**
+- Run targeted tests for drivers, runtime, and `pbxgen-stress`.
+- Inspect touched files for stale immediate-write assumptions or missed contract updates.
+
+**File(s):**
+- touched files from `PLN-0026` through `PLN-0028`
+
+### Step 2 - Run final repository CI
+
+**What:**
+Validate the migration end to end.
+
+**How:**
+- Run the repository validation path, including `make ci`.
+- Fix any final formatting, lint, test, or generated-fixture fallout caused by the overlay/debug migration.
+- Do not widen scope beyond the accepted thread.
+
+**File(s):**
+- repository-wide
+
+## Test Requirements
+
+### Unit Tests
+- all relevant crate unit tests pass after the migration
+
+### Integration Tests
+- runtime and stress/integration tests pass after the migration
+- `make ci` passes
+
+### Manual Verification
+- inspect the tree for residual direct-write assumptions or incomplete overlay propagation
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+
+- [ ] Targeted validation passes for the touched drivers/runtime/stress areas.
+- [ ] `make ci` passes after the deferred overlay/debug migration family lands.
+- [ ] No residual contract mismatch remains between spec text and code behavior in the touched thread.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+- Source decision: `DEC-0016`
+- Depends on `PLN-0026`, `PLN-0027`, and `PLN-0028`
+
+## Risks
+
+- Final CI may surface unrelated renderer assumptions that still expect immediate-write semantics.
+- Generated cartridge fixtures may drift if regeneration is forgotten during earlier plans.
diff --git a/test-cartridges/stress-console/assets.pa b/test-cartridges/stress-console/assets.pa
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77c82efc
Binary files /dev/null and b/test-cartridges/stress-console/assets.pa differ
diff --git a/test-cartridges/stress-console/manifest.json b/test-cartridges/stress-console/manifest.json
index d3d34606..6d77693e 100644
--- a/test-cartridges/stress-console/manifest.json
+++ b/test-cartridges/stress-console/manifest.json
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
   "title": "Stress Console",
   "app_version": "0.1.0",
   "app_mode": "Game",
-  "capabilities": ["gfx", "log"]
+  "capabilities": ["gfx", "log", "asset"]
 }
diff --git a/test-cartridges/stress-console/program.pbx b/test-cartridges/stress-console/program.pbx
index 033fc6c9..c20885dc 100644
Binary files a/test-cartridges/stress-console/program.pbx and b/test-cartridges/stress-console/program.pbx differ